The following points highlight the four main of plant breeding methods. To respond to the increasing need to feed the worlds population, standing at 7. Plant breeding is defined as identifying and selecting desirable traits in plants and combining these into one individual plant. As a result, the genotype of the backcross progeny becomes increasingly similar to that of the recurrent parent. When a large number of plants of similar phenotype are selected and their seeds are mixed together to constitute a new variety is called mass.
List reasons why backcross breeding is necessary in developing genetically engineered lines. In backcross method of breeding, the hybrid and the progenies in subsequent. Plant breeders must be equipped with the tools to respond quickly to new demands by developing accelerated breeding techniques. Backcross breeding essentially a method for improving an established variety that is deficient in only one or a few characteristics the backcross generations converge on a single genotype only breeding method in which the results are both predictable and repeatable. Pdf selection in backcross programmes researchgate. Pdf backcrossing is a wellknown and long established breeding scheme. Convergent cross a convergent cross is another complex breeding method used. Backcross refers to crossing of f1 with either of its parents. Genetics became a fundamental science of plant breeding after the moravian monk j. If the trait of interest is produced by a dominant gene, this process involves four rounds of.
Crosspollination, where pollen from one plant can only fertilize a different plant. Backcross breeding method 410 hort 407 4 backcross breeding at the end, all genes will be homozygous except the genes transferred from the donor parent one or few generation of selfing will result in a variety homozygous at all loci, including newly transferred genes the new variety would have all the adaptability of the recurrent parent in addition to the good characteristics of the. Biotechnology applications for plant breeding and genetics. Dec 22, 2015 backcross method for dominant and recessive gene transfer. In particular, some methodological advances in plant and animal breeding seem to remain. Such processes, repeated over many generations, can change the hereditary makeup and. Plant breeding and genetics all semester notes pdf file collections whole books pdf files. Plant breeding and genetics all semester notes pdf file. Backcross method for dominant and recessive gene transfer. The book demonstrates that ppb is in essence no different from conventional plant breeding, being based on the very same principles of mendelian, quantitative and population genetics, and therefore has complemented the traditional approach to plant breeding with. Backcrossing has been used by plant breeders for decades to transfer specific character into elite lines. The breeding method used depends on the type of cultivar to be produced. Transgenic breeding traditional breeding transgenic plants novel proteins may be introduced from.
Statistical genetics and plant breeding the national. Following this strategy, qtl analysis is delayed until the bc2 or bc3 generation and, during the development of these. Early on, it primarily involved selection, the choice between good and bad plants. Full text of plant breeding principles and methods see other formats. This seems to violate mendels postulate of independent assortment of genes and can make it difficult to pick out a single trait from one parent without also bringing over others. Kidwell encyclopedia of life support systems eolss despite advances in technologies, plant breeding is still based on mendels original concept of inheritance which is extended to encompass the inheritance of quantitative. An illustration of a backcrossing scheme aiming to transfer a. When the f1 is crossed with homozygous recessive parent. Pdf modified backcross breeding method for rapid conversion of. In plants, inbred backcross lines ibls refers to lines i. The bc2f1 plants phenotypically most similar to recomment parameter rp were selfed and the shrunken kernels were selected from the.
Weaber department of animal science and industry kansas state university introduction the dramatic changes and volatility cowcalf production system input costs and calf values have many producers wondering about the value of heterosis in todays beef. Susceptible but high yielding resistant 50% 50% 75% 25 87. Mendel discovered the laws of heredity in the mid19th century. Top 3 methods used in self pollinated crops breeding methods. Breeding selfpollinated species types of cultivars at the beginning of each project, the breeder should decide on the type of cultivar to breed for release to producers. The method is used generally to improve the yield and other characters of the variety. Traditional and modern plant breeding methods with. Module five focuses on breeding methodologies for cross pollinated crops where you will learn mass selections, recurrent selection, hybrid. Back cross method and various modified methods backcross method in backcross method of breeding, the hybrid and the progenies in subsequent generations are repeatedly backcrossed to one of the parents. Crossing between two inbreds or varieties is called single. A chapter is then devoted to the backcross method of breeding. Nowadays, mabc is being used widely in plant breeding.
Using the a x b format example, a convergent crossing plan may be set up along. It is therefore essential for plant breeders to be entirely sure of whom the parents of a cross are. Plant breeding can be accomplished through many different techniques ranging. The other major plant breeding concept quantitative traits pertains to features influenced by a group to genes and cumulative. Plant breeding matters is a unique source of information about the business and science of plant breeding, produced by the british society of plant breeders bspb. Genetic linkage is a phenomenon in which genes tend to be inherited together.
The following points highlight the top four methods used in crosspollinated crops. History of plant breeding the most rudimentary forms of plant breeding likely originated during the transition of. The past, present and future of plant breeding vib. In fact, traditional farming and lowinput systems, including organic.
It is used in horticulture, animal breeding and in production of gene knockout organisms. Introduction to backcross breeding the plant and soil sciences. Learn more about the uses and methods of plant breeding. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. In this method the breeder has considerable control of the genetic variation in the. Desirable characteristics from different parent plants could also be combined in the offspring. In this lesson the focus will be on the backcross method, which is a form of. Several breeding methods are available to plant breeders for germplasm improvement, such as the pedigree method, bulk method, single seed descent, backcross method, and recurrent selection. The result is a spread of trait expressions in the progeny and is the result. Seven chapters are allocated to accounts of the genetic properties of crosspollinated crops.
Plant breeding is the purposeful manipulation of plant species in order to create desired genotypes and phenotypes for specific purposes. The aim of this method to produce the new variety which is totally different from the parents bearing superior characters. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of using selec. The north dakota breeding program primarily uses a modified pedigree program and, to a lesser degree, backcross, single seed descent, recurrent selection. Download a pdf of statistical genetics and plant breeding by the national research council for free. Aims and objectives of plant breeding plant breeding is an art and science, which tells us ways and means to change the genetic architecture of plants so as to attain a particular objective. Essentials of plant breeding was written as a textbook for a. Plant breeding started with sedentary agriculture and particularly the domestication of the first agricultural plants, a practice which is estimated to date back 9,000 to 11,000 years. Plant breeding dates to the very beginnings of agriculture, though scientific plant breeding began only in the early 20th century. Advanced backcross qtl analysis is proposed as a method of combining qtl analysis with variety development. Even though the phrase to breed plants often connotes the involvement of the sexual process in. New concepts in plant breeding and genetics volume 7 issue 1 2017 venkata r prakash reddy assistant professor, department of genetics and plant breeding, acharya n g ranga agricultural university agricultural college, india correspondence.
Selection in backcross programmes is used to either improve the genetic value of plant. Successful commercial plant breeding concerns were founded from the late 19th century. If the trait of interest is produced by a dominant gene, this process involves four rounds of backcrossing within seven seasons. Slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. The global partnership initiative for plant breeding capacity building gipbfao and biodiversity international use the term prebreeding to describe the various activities of plant breeding research that have to precede the stages involved in cultivar development, testing and release biodiversity international and gipbfao, 2008.
It is used in horticulture, animal breeding and in production of gene knockout. This is accomplished by selecting plants found to be economically or aesthetically desirable, first by controlling the mating of selected individuals, and then by selecting certain individuals among the progeny. Learn about the comparison between pedigree method and backcross method. Plant breeding further advanced when the methodology of hybridization was developed.
The other major plant breeding concept quantitative traits pertains to features. The issue of plant breeding techniques and their compatibil ity with organic. Backcrossing is an old breeding method that is now widely used to transfer. In addition to conventional breeding methods, various aspects of the. Bc n backcross generation n blue best linear unbiased estimate. Backcrossing is a crossing of a hybrid with one of its parents or an individual genetically similar to its parent, in order to achieve offspring with a genetic identity which is closer to that of the parent.
Plant breeders must have access to genetic variation in crop species. Messmer and others published plant breeding techniques find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. In a way, conventional plant breeding can be seen as a collection of techniques aimed at bringing together good parents to generate a better crop in the progeny. The earliest method of plant breeding based on an elementary knowledge of the laws of inheritance has been the selection of plants within landraces, based on the assumption that the progenies of the best individuals are expected to be superior to the progeny of a random sample of the population. Backcross breeding method 410 hort 407 2 backcross breeding at the end, all genes will be homozygous except the genes transferred from the donor parent one or few generation of selfing will result in a variety homozygous at all loci, including newly transferred genes the new variety would have all the adaptability of the recurrent parent in addition to the good characteristics of the. Plant breeding, application of genetic principles to produce plants that are more useful to humans.
Early farmers discovered that some crop plants could be artificially mated or cross pollinated to increase yields. Early farmers discovered that some crop plants could be artificially mated or crosspollinated to increase yields. Top 4 methods used in crosspollinated crops breeding. Plant breeders use different methods depending on the mode of reproduction of crops, which include. The variety which receives gene is recipient parent and variety which is the source of gene is called as donor parent.
Its aim was to combine various desirable properties of many plants in one plant, instead of just choosing between good and bad plants. Plant breeding can be accomplished through many different techniques ranging from simply selecting plants with desirable characteristics for propagation, to more complex molecular techniques. Kidwell encyclopedia of life support systems eolss 2. Raising backcross fls and crossing resistant plants with recurrent parent is. Convergent cross a convergent cross is another complex breeding method used to combine the. Initially early farmers simply selected food plants with particular desirable characteristics, and employed these as progenitors for subsequent generations, resulting in an accumulation of valuable traits over time. This method, often supplemented by germplasm derived from induced mutation, has become the most common one. Part iii plant breeding terms american hosta society. The present roadmap for plant breeding takes a look at usdas roles and achievements in plant breeding, and at recent stakeholder input, to map out ways in which usdas plant breeding work can contribute to ongoing success and future preparedness across all sectors of u. People learned not to eat all the best fruit but to plant the seed from some of them. Modern plant breeding requires an understanding of genetics. It is used in horticulture, animal breeding and in production of gene knockout organisms backcrossed hybrids are sometimes described with acronym bc, for example, an f1 hybrid crossed. Back cross method of breeding authorstream presentation.
Backcross method is the one whose main objective is to incorporate desired gene, either dominant or recessive, to the highly productive, commercially successful variety which lacks that specific gene. The pedigree method involves visual selection among indi vidual plants in early. Traditional and modern plant breeding methods with examples. Selffertilization, where pollen from a plant will fertilise reproductive cells or ovules of the same plant. Backcross breeding enables breeders to transfer a desired trait such as a transgene from one variety donor parent, dp into the favored genetic background of another recurrent parent, rp. Plant breeding is an art and science, which tells us ways and means to change the genetic architecture of plants so as to attain a particular objective. Since 1900, mendels laws of genetics provided the scientific basis for plant breeding. Requirements of a back cross method a suitable recurrent parent lacking in 12 characters a suitable donor parent with high intensity of the character to be transferred character to be transferred should be monooligogenic with high heritability sufficient no. These references and pdf files will be posted in blackboard. All crop breeding methods old and new are based on processes that occur in nature. Essentials of plant breeding breeding for quantitative.
Simply the process of transferring pollen from one plant to another, in order to create a hybrid. Venkata r prakash reddy, assistant professor, department of genetics and plant breeding, acharya. There are six basic types of cultivars that plant breeders develop. This, as might be expected in view of the senior authors major contributions using this method, is well described, examples being taken from much of his work. Selection methods in plant breeding based on mode of. When you have problems fixing a particular trait within a plant, you can cross it back with your original parent plant that had the desired trait. Conventional plant breeding has been going on for hundreds of years, and is still commonly used today. It is tailored for the discovery and transfer of valuable qtl alleles from unadapted donor lines e. Plant breeding and genetics encyclopedia of life support.
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